Why smoking puts you at increase risk of oral diseases

Biofilms are composed of numerous microbial communities often made up of complex, interacting and co-existing multispecies structures. 

"Once a pathogen establishes itself within a biofilm, it can be difficult to eradicate as biofilms provide a physical barrier against the host immune response, can be impermeable to antibiotics and act as a reservoir for persistent infection," said one of the researchers David Scott from University of Louisville School of Dentistry in the US.

"Furthermore, biofilms allow for the transfer of genetic material among the bacterial community and this can lead to antibiotic resistance and the propagation of other virulence factors that promote infection," Scott noted.

One of the most prevalent biofilms is dental plaque, which can lead to gingivitis - a gum disease found in almost half the world's population -- and to more severe oral diseases, such as chronic periodontitis. 

Bacterial biofilms also can form on heart valves resulting in heart-related infections, and they also can cause a host of other problems, the researchers said.