AI may predict long-term risks of heart attack, cardiac death

Researchers have found that machine learning, patterns and inferences computers use to learn to perform tasks, can predict the long-term risk of heart attack and cardiac death.

According to the study, published in the journal Cardiovascular Research, machine learning appears to be better at predicting heart attacks and cardiac deaths than the standard clinical risk assessment used by cardiologists.

"Our study showed that machine learning integration of clinical risk factors and imaging measures can accurately personalise the patient's risk of suffering an adverse event such as heart attack or cardiac death," said the study researchers from the Biomedical Imaging Research Institute in US For the findings, the research team studied subjects from the imaging arm of a prospective, randomised research trial, who underwent coronary artery calcium scoring with available cardiac CT scans and long-term follow-up.

Participants here were asymptomatic, middle-aged subjects, with cardiovascular risk factors, but no known coronary artery disease.

Researchers used machine learning to assess the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiac death in the subjects, and then compared the predictions with the actual experiences of the subjects over fifteen years.

Subjects here answered a questionnaire to identify cardiovascular risk factors and to describe their diets, exercise and marital status.

The final study consisted of 1,912 subjects, fifteen years after they were first studied.

76 subjects presented an event of myocardial infarction and/or cardiac death during this follow-up time.

The subjects' predicted machine learning scores aligned accurately with the actual distribution of observed events.

The atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score, the standard clinical risk assessment used by cardiologists, overestimated the risk of events in the higher risk categories. Machine learning did not.

In unadjusted analysis, high predicted machine learning risk was significantly associated with a higher risk of a cardiac event.

"While machine learning models are sometimes regarded as "black boxes", we have also tried to demystify machine learning; in this manuscript, we describe individual predictions for two patients as examples," said researchers "When applied after the scan, such individualised predictions can help guide recommendations for the patient, to decrease their risk of suffering an adverse cardiac event," they added.