Deep-sea mining is emerging as a strategic priority globally. How significant is it for India?
Deep-sea mining is crucial for India’s long-term resource security, particularly for critical minerals that are becoming scarce or geopolitically sensitive on land. Over the past 20 years, NIOT’s deep-sea research has identified substantial deposits of manganese nodules and associated metals such as nickel and cadmium at depths of around 5,000 metres. We have also mapped gas hydrates and hydrocarbon resources. These findings place India in a strong position, but our approach is deliberately phased and cautious.
What stage of the mining journey is NIOT in?
We’re firmly in the exploration and assessment stage. This is the second phase of our work, where we study the spatial extent of resources, assess how much can be mined economically, and develop suitable technologies. Actual production is the third phase and will take another four to five years. Mining cannot begin without scientific certainty and environmental clarity.
Has India been formally allocated deep-sea areas for mineral activity?
Yes. The International Seabed Authority has allotted NIOT nearly 1 lakh square kilometres in the Central Indian Basin for manganese nodule exploration, and an additional 75,000 square kilometres for sulphide deposits. These areas are earmarked for demonstrative mining and production, which means we must prove that extraction can be done both economically and responsibly.
How important is environmental protection in these plans?
It is absolutely central. Deep-sea mining must not damage marine ecosystems. Our objective is to ensure that extraction is cheaper than land-based mining while remaining environmentally benign. If those two conditions are not met, mining will not proceed. Sustainability is not optional; it is integral to the project.
Are these resources located only in international waters?
No, they exist in both Indian and international waters. Our work spans both regions. Many countries are advancing rapidly in this field, and India must keep pace, but without cutting corners. Catching up globally does not mean rushing scientifically.
Parallel to mining, NIOT is developing a deep-ocean manned mission. What is the status of this project?
The manned deep-ocean mission is one of NIOT’s most important flagship programmes. We are developing an indigenous submersible capable of carrying 3 humans to a depth of 6 kilometres. In early 2025, we successfully tested key systems at the sea surface. A few advanced components are currently being developed. Once these systems are integrated, expected after June 2026, we will begin underwater trials at depths of 200-300 metres. From there, testing will proceed in stages until we reach the full 6-km depth.
When will this submersible be available for scientific use?
After completing all tests and certifications, the system will be handed over to the wider scientific community by the end of 2027 or early 2028. It will then be used for deep-sea research across disciplines, including geology, biology, mineral studies and ocean processes. We are confident about achieving this timeline.
Who are NIOT’s key collaborators in this mission?
Domestically, we work closely with ISRO, DRDO, the Indian Navy and CSIR. We also have strong partnerships with private industry including Larsen and Toubro. Internationally, we collaborate with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the US and Ifremer in France. In August 2025, two of our pilots participated in deep-sea research missions aboard French submarines. We are now looking to expand joint operations with additional countries.
Is NIOT planning immediate commercial excavation of the deep sea?
No. At present, we are only exploring and studying the deep sea. Once we fully understand what exists, how it can be accessed, and what impact it may have, we will move to the next stage. Only then will activities such as mining, oil and gas extraction or hydro-gas production be considered.
How long has NIOT been involved in deep-sea research?
For more than 20 years. This long-term engagement has enabled us to build expertise, develop indigenous technologies and make significant discoveries. The current initiatives are the outcome of sustained scientific effort, not short-term ambition.
Beyond mining and submersibles, what other blue economy projects is NIOT pursuing?
Desalination is a major focus area. We already operate desalination plants in several island regions and are in the process of commissioning new ones. Importantly, future plants will also generate electricity alongside freshwater production, improving efficiency and sustainability. We also work on ocean health, marine biotechnology and converting research outcomes into market-ready solutions.
Is NIOT involved in any studies related to Ram Setu?
No, NIOT is not working on Ram Setu.